Compounded atropine for myopia control: safe and effective prescribing

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What is medication compounding?

Most medications are commercially manufactured, or mass produced, where that drug has been approved by a country's regulatory body (such as the FDA in the United States). These drugs have had their efficacy, side effects and outcomes studied and extensively documented, and their manufacturing processes are regulated and continuously reviewed.1 There are specific standards under GMP (Good Manufacturing Practices) to which all approved pharmaceutical manufacturers must adhere. Compliance with these standards comes at considerable expense, due to the acquisition and maintenance of the manufacturing and laboratory equipment.

Pharmaceutical compounding, by contrast, is the creation of a pharmaceutical preparation by a licensed pharmacist to meet the unique needs of an individual patient when a commercially available drug does not meet those needs.1 Licensed pharmacists learn to perform compounding as part of their training and education. Examples of compounding could include making a powder into a cream, or in the case of atropine changing the commercially manufactured 1% atropine to lower concentrations desired for myopia control.

Simple compounding is the development of compounded medications using basic equipment that produces a non-sterile product using standard procedures and facilities.2

Complex compounding includes medications which must be produced in a sterile environment, and/or the compounded products themselves may not have much published literature detailing stability of efficacy. All compounded eye drops fit the definition of complex compounding as they must be sterile. Other examples of complex compounding include medications that may cause health and safety hazards such as hormones and cytotoxins, medications for parenteral administration (eg. intravenous or intramuscular), or that have very low concentrations/micro-doses of the active ingredient. It requires specialized skills, competencies and equipment compared to simple compounding.2

While compounding can result in safe and effective medications, by virtue of being individually formulated, these medications are not regulatory approved and cannot be verified for their consistent stability and efficacy as for manufactured drugs.

Are there any concerns with compounded medications?

The answer to this may vary by country, based on the level of regulation, training and oversight. It would be fair to say that the majority of compounding pharmacies are high-quality and rigorous, providing crucial services for patients needing unique medications.

There have been reports, however, of some facilities exhibiting inappropriate sterilization techniques and compounding practices, and improper medication storage. The FDA in the United States has published reports on such, with serious incidents involving compounded medications for intravenous injection sadly resulting in fatalities. Isolated incidents in the UK and Australia indicate high-level risk factors such as parenteral (non-oral) use and/or in vulnerable patients, which have resulted in increased regulatory oversight and professional awareness.1,3

Myopia management prescribing does not involve these very high risks, but errors have still occurred. In topical atropine use, there was a 2019 case reported in Australia of a pharmacist dispensing 1% atropine instead of the prescribed 0.01%, leading to adverse short-term vision outcomes for the 13-year-old patient. As a reuslt, eye care practitioners were advised to clearly mark atropine prescriptions with the words 'MUST BE COMPOUNDED'.

How could compounding influence myopia control with atropine?

The formulation of atropine could influence its efficacy. With few commercially manufactured preparations of low-concentration atropine available, many research studies use compounded versions. These are either diluted from commercially available 1% atropine or prepared from raw materials such as by dissolving atropine from a powder. While both methods could produce an accurate product, dilution alters the concentration of preservatives and other constituents which can influence the final product’s stability, efficacy, comfort and consistency.4

Clinical studies on atropine don't always describe how the test medication was formulated or if any verification of accuracy or stability was performed. Some studies have utilized diluted preparations from 1% atropine,5 some don't describe the process6,7 and some, such as the Low-Concentration Atropine for Myopia Progression (LAMP) Study8 describe extra verification steps to ensure concentration, stability and sterility.

The fact that atropine is compounded may explain the variability in outcomes seen in some atropine studies, particularly in studies of 0.01% atropine. Atropine at low concentrations can be quite unstable.9 Variability in compounding could also be why some studies report minimal side effects with 0.01%, while other studies report problems with photophobia and accommodation.10,11

Preservative concerns

Compounded topical atropine is typically produced in multi-dose bottles requiring preservatives. The commonly used preservative benzalkonium chloride, or BAK, is a known ocular surface irritant. Sensitivity to BAK can worsen over time and cause surface toxicity similar to allergy12,13

The most common side effect of low-concentration atropine is allergic conjunctivitis,10 and this seems independent of concentration - even occurring in the placebo group.8 This points to the value of considering preservatives to ensure tolerance to long-term treatment, and seeking non-preserved formulations of topical atropine wherever possible.

The next generation in atropine research

The latest studies of atropine are investigating commercially prepared, single-use and preservative free formulations, which will provide the next evolution in the story on how atropine formulations influence tolerance and efficacy. Read more about these upcoming studies in the clinical article The Latest And Greatest Research On Atropine.

What can I do to make sure my patients are getting a safe and effective version of the medication I prescribe?

As eye care practitioners, we are not chemistry experts and cannot hope to grasp the full scope of the field of complex medication compounding. Where available, a commercially manufactured drug is always the first choice to ensure verification of safety, efficacy, comfort and stability; but properly produced compounded medications can also be safe, effective and fulfil an important role for patients.1,3

Consider asking the following questions of your compounding pharmacist.

  1. Do you have experience and equipment specifically for complex / sterile compounding of ocular medications?
    Most countries appear to require ophthalmic medications to be compounded under sterile conditions, although any additional qualifications required may vary.
  2. Will you compound the medication by dilution of the commercial 1% product, or from raw materials?
    While either could result in an accurate product, this question could be followed with discussion on the pharmacist's preference and why. 
  3. Will preservatives be used, and if so, which chemical?
    Keep in mind that BAK is a known ocular irritant,12 so avoiding this for daily use in children is ideal. Preservative free is best - some multidose bottles can facilitate this, but may not be available for compounded medications or in your country.
  4. What is the shelf-life of the compounded medication? Is there anything specific about the preparation or the bottle that influences this?
    This could lead to important information about medication safety for your patient and knowledge on packaging (bottle) technology and innovations.

Learn more about topical atropine for myopia control

Check out these clinical cases

Cassandra Haines BIO image 2019_white background

About Cassandra

Cassandra Haines is a clinical optometrist, researcher and writer with a background in policy and advocacy from Adelaide, Australia. She has a keen interest in children's vision and myopia control.

Kate profile thumbnail

About Kate

Dr Kate Gifford is a clinical optometrist, researcher, peer educator and professional leader from Brisbane, Australia, and a co-founder of Myopia Profile.

This content is brought to you thanks to an unrestricted educational grant from

 

References

  1. Donovan G, Parkin L, Brierley-Jones L, Wilkes S. Unlicensed medicines use: a UK guideline analysis using AGREE II. Int J Pharm Pract. 2018 Dec;26(6):515-525. doi: 10.1111/ijpp.12436. Epub 2018 Jan 30.
  2. Pharmacy Board of Australia. Frequently asked questions for pharmacists on the compounding of medications,. 2020.
  3. Johnstone T, Quinn E, Tobin S, Davis R, Najjar Z, Battye B, Gupta L. Seven cases of probable endotoxin poisoning related to contaminated glutathione infusions. Epidemiol Infect. 2018 May;146(7):931-934. (link)
  4. Haywood A, Testa C, Glass B. Personalised medicines for eye care. Pharma – Optometry Australia (magazine). 2020;3:22-24.
  5. Kinoshita N, Konno Y, Hamada N, Kanda Y, Shimmura-Tomita M, Kaburaki T, Kakehashi A. Efficacy of combined orthokeratology and 0.01% atropine solution for slowing axial elongation in children with myopia: a 2-year randomised trial. Sci Rep. 2020 Jul 29;10(1):12750.
  6. Chia A, Chua WH, Cheung YB, Wong WL, Lingham A, Fong A, Tan D. Atropine for the treatment of childhood myopia: safety and efficacy of 0.5%, 0.1%, and 0.01% doses (Atropine for the Treatment of Myopia 2). Ophthalmology. 2012 Feb;119(2):347-54.
  7. Polling JR, Tan E, Driessen S, Loudon SE, Wong HL, van der Schans A, Tideman JWL, Klaver CCW. A 3-year follow-up study of atropine treatment for progressive myopia in Europeans. Eye (Lond). 2020 Nov;34(11):2020-2028.
  8. Yam JC, Jiang Y, Tang SM, Law AKP, Chan JJ, Wong E, Ko ST, Young AL, Tham CC, Chen LJ, Pang CP. Low-Concentration Atropine for Myopia Progression (LAMP) Study: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial of 0.05%, 0.025%, and 0.01% Atropine Eye Drops in Myopia Control. Ophthalmology. 2019 Jan;126(1):113-124.
  9. Saito J, Imaizumi H, Yamatani A. Physical, chemical, and microbiological stability study of diluted atropine eye drops. J Pharm Health Care Sci. 2019 Dec 5;5:25. (link)
  10. Gong Q, Janowski M, Luo M, Wei H, Chen B, Yang G, Liu L. Efficacy and Adverse Effects of Atropine in Childhood Myopia: A Meta-analysis. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2017 Jun 1;135(6):624-630.
  11. Wu PC, Chuang MN, Choi J, Chen H, Wu G, Ohno-Matsui K, Jonas JB, Cheung CMG. Update in myopia and treatment strategy of atropine use in myopia control. Eye (Lond). 2019 Jan;33(1):3-13.
  12. Hong J, Bielory L. Allergy to ophthalmic preservatives. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009 Oct;9(5):447-53.
  13. Goldstein MH, Silva FQ, Blender N, Tran T, Vantipalli S. Ocular benzalkonium chloride exposure: problems and solutions. Eye (Lond). 2021 Jul 14:1–8.

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